[FSSDK-12150] [Ruby] Add Event Retries

[esrakartalOpt]

Summary

Implements exponential backoff retry strategy for event dispatching to improve reliability and reduce server load during transient failures.

Changes

• Event Dispatcher: Added retry logic with exponential backoff (3 attempts: 200ms → 400ms → 800ms, capped at 1s)
• ODP Event Manager: Added exponential backoff delays to existing retry loop
• Constants: Added retry configuration (MAX_RETRIES: 3, INITIAL_RETRY_INTERVAL: 0.2, MAX_RETRY_INTERVAL: 1.0)
• Tests: Added comprehensive test coverage for retry behavior and exponential backoff

Retry Behavior

• Retries on: 5xx server errors, timeouts, network errors
• No retry on: 4xx client errors (fail fast)
• Max attempts: 3 (1 initial + 2 retries)
• Backoff intervals: 200ms → 400ms → 800ms (capped at 1 second)

Test plan

PR Checks

Issues

• FSSDK-12150